1250		1251		1252		1253		1254		1255		1256		1257		1258		1259		1260		1261		1262		1263		1264		1265		1266		1267		1268		1269		1270		1271		1272		1273		1274		1275		1276		1277		1278		1279		1280		1281		1282		1283		1284		1285		1286		1287		1288		1289		1290		1291		1292		1293		1294		1295		1296		1297		1298		1299
	British Isles © History Bookshop.com																				British Isles																				British Isles																				British Isles																				British Isles																				< back
	• The Harrowing of Hell is written about this time. It is the oldest extant dramatic work in English.		• Alexander III of Scotland is married to Margaret, daughter of Henry III.						• 6 Mar: Henry III and papal envoys agree that Prince Edmund, should become King of Sicily after its conquest. The debt thus incurred is a prime source of Henry 's problem with the barons. • Oct: Henry III's son, Edward, marries Eleanor of Castile and is given Gascony. • Prelates and barons refuse Henry III a tax. This is endorsed by a later council which includes knights elected by the shires (26th Apr.).		• 9 April: Pope Alexander IV confirms that Edmund should become King of Sicily. • June: Battle of Bryn Derwin; Llewelyn ap Gryffydd, who had ruled the principality with his brother Owain, makes himself dominant in Wales by defeating another brother, Dafydd.						• Mar: Llewelyn AP Gruffydd adopts the title Prince of Wales. • 11 June: the Provisions of Oxford; parliament restricts the powers of the king and enforces the accountability of ministers. The barons demanded that England be ruled only by 'native-born men'. The justicarship is revived and a standing committee established. • Dec: Pope Alexander cancels the grant of Sicily to Edmund when it becomes clear Henry III cannot pay debts owed to the papacy. • Consecration of Salisbury Cathedral.		• 1 Aug: Henry III agrees a peace with Llewelyn of Wales. • 13 Oct: Treaty of Paris: Henry III rejoins the French House of Peers and pays homage to Louis IX for Aquitaine and his other possessions in France. Henry III renounces claims to Normandy, Anjou, Maine, Touraine and Poitou. • 13 Oct: Provisions of Westminster; legal reforms, including clarifications of the right of inheritance. • Matthew Paris, chronicler and monk, dies.		• By this time the Anglo-Normans in Ireland have established seven counties.		• 12 June: Henry III renounces the Provisions of Oxford and dismisses his baronial officials.		• Llewellyn starts a series of attacks on England.		• Jan:Henry III re-issues the Provisions of Westminster. • April: Simon de Montfort leads the barons against Henry. • 16 July: Henry is forced to make peace with the barons, accepting their terms; de Montfort occupies London. • 2 Oct: Battle of Largs; the Scots defeat a Norse invasion under Haakon IV. • Dec: Haakon IV of Norway dies at Kirkwall. • Balliol College, Oxford, is founded by John de Baliol.		•7 Jan: Merton College, Oxford founded. • 23 April: Mise of Amiens: English barons appeal to Louis IX of France in the dispute with the king. He finds for the king and annuls the Provisions of Oxford, forcing the barons into open revolt. • 14 May: Battle of Lewes; Simon de Montfort captures the king and Prince Edward, his son. De Montfort calls a parliament of clergy, barons, knights and burgesses. • 21 Oct: Henry's opponents are excommunicated.		• 20 Jan:Simon de Montfort holds a parliament, the first attended by elected knights from the shires and burgesses, as well as barons and prelates. • 4 Aug: Battle of Evesham; Prince Edward, having escaped, defeats de Montfort who is killed in the battle. The Barons' War is ended and Henry III restored. • Dec: rebels holding out at Axholme surrender to Henry.		• June: supporters of de Montfort,‘The Disinherited’, are besieged by Henry at Kenilworth Castle. • 2 July: Treaty of Perth; Magnus IV of Norway and Alexander III of Scotland agree the Hebrides and Isle of Man are ceded to Scotland in return for an annual tribute. Orkney and Shetland remain in Norwegian hands. • 31 Oct: the Dictum of Kenilworth; Henry offers a general amnesty to de Montfort's adherents. • 14 Dec: the besieged defenders of Kenilworth surrender, on terms.		• 9 April: Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester, occupies London and negotiates for de Montfort's allies. • 20 Sept: Treaty of Montgomery: After the defeat of his ally, de Montfort, Llewelyn makes terms with Henry III. Wales is confirmed as separate from England within the Plantagenet realms with Llewelyn, who pays Henry homage and 25,000 marks, as its prince. • 18 Nov: Statute of Marlborough; confirming the Magna Carta and regulating wardship and safeguarding sub-tenants.				• 13 Oct: Henry III's abbey-church at Westminster is consecrated.		• 27 April: parliament authorises a tax to finance Prince Edward's crusade.				• 2 April: Richard, Earl of Cornwall and King of the Romans, dies. • 16 Nov: Henry III dies and is succeeded by his son Prince Edward as Edward I. • Quo Warranto; a statute instigated by Edward I requiring landowners to produce their warrants and charters proving that they have a legal basis for their holding.				• 'Little' Battle of Châlons: a tournament between English and French knights turns into a battle and King Edward is almost killed. • 11 July: Robert the Bruce is born. • 19 Aug: Edward I is crowned King of England. • Merton College, Oxford, dates from this time. • Edward I enquires into the workings of English local government.		• First Statute of Westminster: a survey and clarification of existing law. • Statute De Judaismo: regulates usury by the Jews in England, forbidding them to engage in finance.				• 24 June: Edward I invades Wales after Llewelyn refuses to do homage. He employs mercenaries as well as an English army. • 9 Nov: Treaty of Conway; Llewelyn pays homage to Edward.		• Statute of Gloucester: Writs of quo warranto (1272) are to be issued to territorial claimants.		• John Peckham becomes archbishop of Canterbury. • Statute of Mortmain('deadhand'), Edward I outlaws the practice of granting land to the Church for it to be given back, minus its feudal obligations to the lord. It is seen as the first anti-clerical legislation in England.						• 21 Mar: Dafydd AP Gruffydd, Llewelyn's brother, starts a Welsh revolt against Edward by an attack on Harwarden. • 11 Dec: Llewelyn, Prince of Wales, killed while near Builth; Dafydd takes his title. • In Edward's second Welsh campaign Anglesey is taken and the Menai Straits bridged. • Hertford Hall (later College), Oxford, dates from this time.		• Jan: at the 'Double Parliament' held at York and Northampton a property tax of a thirtieth is approved to finance the Welsh campaign and the massive expenditure on castle building at places such as Caernarvon, Harlech and Conway. Wales is annexed to England. • 25 April: Edward captures Dafydd AP Gruffydd. • 3 Oct: Dafydd is executed for treason at Shrewsbury and his children are held in confinment for life.		• Statute of Rhuddlan: a dictated peace settlement, justicars are appointed for north and south Wales and five new counties created. • 25 April: Edward's son is born at Caernavon, but will only became Prince of Wales seventeen years later. • Peterhouse, the first college at Cambridge, is founded.		• Statute of Winchester: each hundred (district) is made responsible for unsolved crimes and highways made safe by widening and clearing. • Second Statute of Westminster: another of Edward's attempts to make the law fairer and clearer. Many of the provisions concern property rights.		• 19 Mar: Alexander III of Scotland dies at Kinghorn (having fallen from his horse), having never paid homage to the English king. His grandchild, Margaret, Maid of Norway, daughter of Erik of Norway, becomes queen. .						• 6 Nov: Treaty of Salisbury, following the death of Alexander III of Scotland commissioners from Norway, Scotland and England agree terms for Margaret, maid of Norway, to rule in Scotland with a regent. • Gloucester Hall, Oxford (now Worcester College) is founded for Benedictine monks.		• 18 July: Treaty of Brigham: Margaret of Norway, and Prince Edward are betrothed, to rule England and Scotland as two, independent nations. • Sept: Margaret drowns on the way to Scotland, negating the Treaty. • 28 Nov: Eleanor of Castile, wife of Edward I, dies. • Statutes of Westminster III: on the sale of land tenures, feudal rights. 1189 (accession Richard I) defined as the limit of legal memory. • Jews are expelled from England. • Isle of Man comes under English rule.		• 10 May: Norham Adjudication: Edward is accepted as overlord of Scotland by the 13 claimants to the Scottish throne at this assembly near Berwick-on-Tweed. The claims of the 13 are then judged by 104 auditors. • Crosses are erected at 12 points on the road from from Harby, Lincoln to London, to mark the stops of Queen Eleanor's funeral cortege. • Eleanor of Provence, widow of Henry III, dies. • York Minster is begun.		• 17 Nov: auditors appointed at Norham, with the approval of Edward I, appoint John of Baliol, lord of Galloway, as King of Scotland. John I, sweas fealty and pays homage to Edward, and is crowned on 30 Nov. • 8 Dec: John Peckham, archbishop of Canterbury, dies. • Edward I orders that training be provided for for the legal profession. • St. Stephen's Chapel, Westminster Abbey, is begun. • Roger Bacon: Compendium philosophiae, about this date.				• John I of Scotland withdraws from a parliament in London when it becomes apparent he is expected to provide knights for England to fight France. • A revolt in Wales delays Edward from a planned invasion of France. • Roger Bacon, philosopher, dies.		• 5 Mar: The English defeat the Welsh at Maes Moydog, near Montgomery and go on to take Anglesey. • 5 July: mistrusting John, Scottish nobles form a council which allies Scotland to France (Oct). • Nov: 'Model' Parliament; so called because it was thought (incorrectly) to be the first at which knights of the shire and burgesses are present. The number of participants exceeded 400. • Sir John Wogan calls a parliament in Kilkenny.		• 27 April: Battle of Dunbar; Edward I defeats John Baliol. • Edward takes Edinburgh and continues north. • 10 July: John surrenders at Montrose and is later imprisoned in the Tower of London. • Edward is proclaimed king of Scotland. •The Great Seal of Scotland is broken, The Stone of Destiny, the holy relic of the Black Rood and Scottish regalia moved to London.		• 30 Jan: Edward outlaws the English clergy for their refusal to pay taxes; they surrender and are pardoned. • 24 Aug: Edward takes an army to Flanders to assist his ally Count Guy against Philip IV France. • 11 Sept: Battle of Stirling Bridge; William Wallace leads the Scots to victory and becomes 'Guardian of the Realm'. • 10 Oct: the king's council reissues the Charters to quell the unease of magnates.		• 22 July: Battle of Falkirk; Edward I defeats Wallace.		• 3 April: the Charters are again confirmed by Edward. • 27 June: Papal bull issued by Boniface VIII which affirms the independence of Scotland. • Nov: Stirling Castle is retaken by the Scots.
	Europe																				Europe																				Europe																				Europe																				Europe																				< back
	• Simon de Montford, governor of English held Gascony, faces resistance to his harsh rule.		• May: The revolt in Gascony is suppressed.						• 22 April: Treaty of Toledo, an alliance between Henry III and Alfonso of Castile.						• 13 Jan: Richard, Earl of Cornwall, brother of Henry III is elected king of the Romans (crowned 17 May).																												• 9 May: Prince Edward arrives at Acre on crusade. • Marco Polo departs Venice for China in the company of his father and uncle.		• 16 June: Prince Edward survives an assassination attempt. • 22 Sept: Prince Edward leaves the Holy Land.				• 7 Mar: St. Thomas Aquinas dies aged 47.										• May: Edward takes possession of the county of Ponthieu and this is recognised in the Treaty of of Amiens (23 May).		• Cimabue, Madonna enthroned with angels														• 15 July: Edward allies with Alfonso of Aragon at Oléron.														• Jan: Edward is called to account for the actions of his Gascon subjects by the Paris Parlement. He loses some lands.		• England invades France from Gascony, and Scotland invades Cumbria. • Marco Polo returns to Venice.
	Rest of World																				Rest of World																				Rest of World																				Rest of World																				Rest of World																				< back
																																																			• Marco Polo reaches the court of Kublai Khan.																																						• Kublai Khan, Mongol Emperor of China, dies and is succeeded by his grandson, Temür.
	1250		1251		1252		1253		1254		1255		1256		1257		1258		1259		1260		1261		1262		1263		1264		1265		1266		1267		1268		1269		1270		1271		1272		1273		1274		1275		1276		1277		1278		1279		1280		1281		1282		1283		1284		1285		1286		1287		1288		1289		1290		1291		1292		1293		1294		1295		1296		1297		1298		1299