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	British Isles																				British Isles																				British Isles																				British Isles																				British Isles																				< back
	• Edward pays off nine of the fleet's fourteen ships. • Edward begins the rebuilding of Westminster Abbey.		• Ship-money, the tax raised by the Anglo-Danish kings to pay for the standing fleet and army is abolished. • Godwin of Wessex is exiled for challenging Edward's authority.		• Godwin returns to England with an army, forcing Edward to reinstate his titles and to remove the king's French appointees. • William, Duke of Normandy, visits Edward his cousin.		• Godwin dies while dining with the king, but his family remains the most powerful in the kingdom and his son Harold becomes earl of Wessex.		• 27 July: Macbeth is defeated at Dunsinane by Malcolm, son of Duncan, and Siward of Northumbria.		• Siward, Earl of Northumbria dies and is succeeded by Tostig, son of Godwin. • Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, King of Gwynedd and Powys, extends his power into South Wales.		• 17 June: Gruffydd of Wales defeats and kills Leofgar, Bishop of Hereford at Cleobury, but is subsequently forced by Harold Godwinson of Wessex to submit to the lordship of King Edward.		• 15 Aug: Battle of Lumphanan: Malcolm defeats and kills Macbeth. Macbeth's stepson Lulach becomes king of Scotland.		• Lulach is killed by Malcolm, who becomes Malcolm III Canmore.						• Malcolm III of Scotland invades Northumbria.				• Harold Godwinson invades Wales. Gruffydd is forced to flee and is murdered. Wales divides into principalities.		• Harold Godwinson fights for William, Duke of Normandy in Brittany.		• Tostig of Northumbria is expelled and Morcar elected Earl. • Westminster Abbey is consecrated.		• 5 Jan: King Edward dies, childless. Harold Godwinson takes the throne. • Battle of Stamford Bridge: Harold defeats the Norwegian Harold Hardraada. •14 Oct: Battle of Hastings. William of Normandy defeats Harold,who dies on the battlefield. • 25 Dec: William I is crowned king of England at Westminster Abbey.		• Work begins on the Tower of London.		• William I puts down a revolt in Yorkshire.		• 28 Jan: Durham; rebels kill the Norman Earl of Northumbria. Their revolt is suppressed by William. •28 Sept: York falls to Sweyn of Denmark with local support. William I restores his power in the region and then lays waste large parts of the north.		• The Anglo-Saxon royal family flees to Scotland and Malcolm III marries Edgar Atheling's sister Margaret. • Malcolm III of Scotland invades northern England. •15 Aug: William I appoints Lanfranc as Archbishop of Canterbury, having removed Stigand. • The Norman Cathedral at Canterbury is begun.		•(about this time) The monk, Oliver of Malmesbury, tries unsuccessfully to fly from the top of the abbey with wings. • A revolt in the fens led by Hereward the Wake, which had began a year earlier, is suppressed by the Normans.		• William I marches against Malcolm III. By the treaty of Abernethy Malcolm submits to William, giving his son Duncan as hostage.		• April: at a council in Winchester, the Church of Canterbury and its archbishop, is ruled to be supreme in the English Church. •Lincoln cathedral is started.												• Malcolm III of Scotland again invades Northumbria while William is in Normandy; he is defeated. • William orders the that a new, and much larger cathedral be built at Winchester, the old capital of Wessex. • The New Forest becomes a royal hunting ground.		• After the murder of Walcher, Bishop of Durham and Earl of Northumberland (14 May) William builds the castle at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. He invades Scotland. •The Bayeux Tapestry is completed about this time.				• Bishop Odo of Bayeux, half-brother of William I, is imprisoned, apparently for recruiting knights to his own service.						• Dec: Domesday Book; William I orders that a property census begin.		• 1 Aug: William I holds a council at Salisbury, at which all landowners of any size paid homage and swore fealty. • The great Domesday survey is undertaken.		• 9 Sept: William I dies after attacking Mantes in France. •26th Sept: William's son, William II ('Rufus'), is crowned King of England.				• Worcester cathedral is completed.				• Malcolm III invades England but is forced to submit to William II.		• William II wins control of part of Cumbria. • Lincoln Cathedral is consecrated.		• 13 Nov:Battle of Alnwick; Malcolm III is defeated and killed after again invading England. He is succeeded by his younger brother Donald III. • Anselm becomes archbishop of Canterbury. • Norwich Cathedral is begun.								• Edgar, son of Malcolm III, defeats Donald III and blinds and imprisons him, becoming king of Scotland. • Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, quarrels with William II and leaves England.		• William II suppresses a rebellion in Wales. • The Isles of Orkney are invaded by Magnus Barefoot, king of Norway.
	Europe and Crusader States																				Europe and Crusader States																				Europe and Crusader States																				Europe and Crusader States																				Europe and Crusader States																				< back
	• Guido d'Arezzo: Micrologus de Disciplina Artis Musicae.						• June: Battle of Civitate. The Norman Robert Guiscard defeats and captures Leo XI. Norman rule is extended throughout southern Italy.		• Feb: Henry of France invades Normandy but is defeated by William. • The schism between the Byzantine and the Roman Churches is confirmed.		• 7 Feb: Jaroslav I of Russia dies. His lands are split between his five sons, leading to civil war.		• 5 Oct: Henry III Holy Roman Emperor dies. His son, Henry IV succeeds him. •Milan:a commune is set up by the Paterines, a reformist movement.		• 31 Aug: Issac Comnenus, becomes Byzantine Emperor after the abdication of Michael I.		• Aug: Battle of Varaville; William of Normandy again defeats King Henry. • 28 Nov: Casimir, who reestablished the Church in Poland, dies.		• Aug:Treaty of Melfi; Pope Nicholas invests Robert Guiscard as Duke of Apulia and Calabria and Count of Sicily.		• 4 Aug: Henry I, King of France dies and is succeeded by Philip I with Baldwin, Count of Flanders, as his guardian.		•Norman conquest of Sicily begins under Robert Guiscard. Normans in Italy.		• Florence: the abbey-church of S. Miniato is completed.		•Pisa: the cathedral and campanile (the 'leaning tower') are begun.						• Milan: the leader of the Patarene commune is murdered.										• Normans under Robert Guiscard capture Bari and now rule all of Sicily. Normans in Italy.				• 22 April: Hildebrand is elected Pope Gregory VII.		• Edgar, the atheling, is given a base by Philip to raid Normandy. • March: Guiscard is excommunicated by Pope Gregory.		•25 Dec: Boleslav is crowned as King of Poland.		• In his History of the Church of Hamburg, Adam of Bremen first records the discovery of Vineland (see 1003).		• Jan: at Canossa the Emperor Henry submits to Pope Gregory and saves himself from excommunication.				• William I's son, Robert Curthose, defeats his father at Gerberoy, but then makes peace with William.		• 29 June: Treaty of Ceprano. Pope Gregory allies with Robert Guiscard and accepts his conquests.						• Marianus Scotus writes Chronicon, a history of the world from the Creation to 1082.				• 25 May: Pope Gregory VII dies at Salerno.						• In Normandy, supporters of Robert, William I's eldest son, rebel against William Rufus.		• William Rufus defeats the Norman rebels, but gives the Duchy of Normandy to Robert in lieu of England.												• 27 Nov: Pope Urban II proclaims the First Crusade at Clermont. The Crusades		• 1 Aug: The first crusaders-ordinary people, not knights- reach Constantinople and on 21 Oct are massacred at Civetot.		• 19 June: the crusader army captures Nicaea. • 21 Oct: the crusader siege of Antioch begins.		• March: Baldwin of Boulogne seizes the county of Edessa. • 3 June: the besieging crusaders take Antioch.		•15 July: Jerusalem falls to the crusaders; its inhabitants are slaughtered. Godfrey of Bouillon becomes Defender of the Holy Sepulchre (22nd).
	Rest of the World																				Rest of the World																				Rest of the World																				Rest of the World																				Rest of the World																				< back
																													• Seljuq Turks conquer Central Armenia and Kars.		• China:a civil service entrance exam is held every three years. •Seljuqs invade Syria.												• 19 Aug: Seljuqs defeat the Greeks at Manzikert, conquer Jerusalem, most of Asia Minor and Syria.										• Jerusalem is briefly recovered by the Egyptians, before falling again to the Seljuq Turks.
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