1000		1001		1002		1003		1004		1005		1006		1007		1008		1009		1010		1011		1012		1013		1014		1015		1016		1017		1018		1019		1020		1021		1022		1023		1024		1025		1026		1027		1028		1029		1030		1031		1032		1033		1034		1035		1036		1037		1038		1039		1040		1041		1042		1043		1044		1045		1046		1047		1048		1049
	British Isles © History Bookshop.com																				British Isles																				British Isles																				British Isles																				British Isles																				< back
	• Aethelred leads an army into Strathclyde, one of only three recorded occasions he took the field. His fleet attacks the Norse controlled Isle of Man. • Battle of Glenmama: Malachy II and Brian Boru,normally rivals, combine to defeat the Danes.				• Aethelred marries again to Emma, daughter of Richard I of Normandy, establishing the dynastic link which forms the pretext for the Norman invasion in 1066. Their two sons, Alfred and Edward will be reared in Normandy. •13 Nov: St Brice's Day Massacre; Aethelred orders the killing of Danes in England. • Brian Boru becomes high king of Ireland.		• Sweyn of Denmark invades England to avenge the Massacre of St Brice's Day.				• Battle of Monzievaird (nr Perth): Kenneth III and Giric II, who had shared the Scots throne since 997, are defeated and killed by Malcolm, Kenneth's cousin. He becomes Malcolm II. Scotland 975-1034.		• The Danes demand 36,000 pounds of silver in tribute. • Malcolm II of Scotland invades Northumbria but is repulsed by its earl and loses the Lothians.		• Ship-money, a tax to pay for ships with which to fight the Danes, is first raised about this time.				• Sweyn of Denmark invades England with his biggest army to date. Little resistance is offered. London remains in Aethelred's hands. • Battle of Kinloss: a Danish force under Sweyn defeats Malcolm II of Scotland.		• Battle of Mortlack: Malcolm II defeats the Danes under Sweyn.		• Canterbury falls to the Danes; Archbishop Aelfheah is taken captive and subsequently killed (1012).				• Sweyn lands again in England, by now a demoralised country. He is recognised as king by Northumbria and eastern England. By year-end he is accepted as king by the whole nation. Aethelred flees to Normandy.		• 3 Feb: Sweyn dies and his son Cnut is driven out by Aethelred. • Wulfstan of York delivers 'an address to the English nation’. • 18 April: Battle of Clontarf; Brian Bórumha, High King of Ireland, dies but his forces defeat the Vikings, who become subject to Irish rule in Ireland. • Malcolm II gains control of Sutherland and Caithness.		• Aethelred's son Edmund emerges as the most effective leader of the English cause, becoming lord of Danelaw.		• 23 April: Aethelred dies and his son Edmund is crowned king in London. •Nov: After two inconclusive defeats at Pen Selwood and Assandun( Ashingdon) Edmund agrees to divide the kingdom with Cnut. • 30 Nov: Edmund dies and Cnut becomes king of all England. • Malcolm II of wins control of Strathclyde about this time.		• July: Cnut marries Aethelred's widow Emma (she hopes to protect her sons by Aethelred). • Dec: Cnut orders the killing of Eadric of Mercia, whose treachery towards Aethelred and Edmund had contributed to their lack of military success. • Eadwig, son of Edmund, is killed on Cnut's orders.		• Cnut pays off the Danish fleet with money extracted from his new subjects, but promises to govern by the laws of his illustrious Saxon predecessor Edgar. • Battle of Carham: Malcolm II of Scotland reverses the loss of 1006, wins back the Lothians and establishes the Tweed as the border with England.		• Cnut returns to Denmark to secure his lands following the death of his brother.								• Cnut supports the beatification of Aelfeah, the Archbishop of Canterbury killed by the Danes in 1012. • Mael Sechnaill II, high king of Ireland, dies and civil war ensues.								• Cnut attends the coronation of the new Emperor Conrad in Rome. • Malcolm II of Scotland pays homage to Cnut.		• Cnut drives King Olaf from Norway. The Faeroes, Orkneys and Shetlands recognise his rule.										• 25 November: Malcolm II of Scotland dies and is succeeded by his grandson, Duncan I. Scotland 1034-1093.				• 12 Nov: Cnut dies at Shaftesbury. •The succession is contested between Harthacnut, Cnut's son by Emma and Harold, Cnut's illegitimate son. Harthacnut succeeds to the Danish throne while Harold strengthens his position in England.		• Aethelred's son Alfred, returning to England from Normandy, dies after being blinded on the orders of Earl Godwin of Wessex.		• While Harthacnut is in Denmark, Harold gets sufficient support to secure the English throne. He expels Emma, Cnut's widow and Harthacnut's mother, from the kingdom.				• Harthacnut joins his mother Emma in Bruges to establish an invasion force. •Gruffyd ap Llewelyn, of Gwynedd and Powys, defeats an English force. • Duncan I, king of Scots, embarks on an unsuccessful siege of Durham.		• 17 March: Harold dies. The throne goes to his rival Harthacnut • Harthacnut raises ship-money to increase the fleet from 16 to 62 ships- mainly to protect his Danish lands. • Duncan I of Scotland is murdered by Macbeth who becomes king. • About this time, Lady Godiva, wife of Earl Leofric of Mercia, rides naked through Coventry in protest at a heavy tax on the town.		• Harthacnut ravages Worcestershire after it's citizens had lynched two collectors of the ship-money tax. • Siward the Strong, a Dane, is made earl of Northumbria.		• 8 June: Harthacnut dies; his half-brother Edward, son of Aethelred, becomes king.		• Nov: Edward learns of his mother Emma's support for Magnus of Norway, who proposed to invade England. He confiscates her treasure.		• Gruffyd of Wales defeats a Danish force from Ireland.		• Jan: Edward marries Edith, daughter of Godwin, Earl of Wessex.				• 25 Oct: Magnus King of Denmark and Norway dies. He is succeeded in Denmark by Sweyn II and in Norway by Harold Hardraada.
	Europe																				Europe																				Europe																				Europe																				Europe																				< back
	• Sweyn, king of Denmark, kills Olaf I in battle and conquers Norway.				• 23 Jan: Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor dies. • 7 June: Henry of Bavaria is crowned king of the Germans (Henry II).				• Pisa is sacked by Saracens. • Abbo of Fleury completes his History of the Papacy.						• The term "Burgess" or "bourgeois" is recorded for the first time in a charter of Fulk Nerra, Anjou.						• France: King Robert proclaims a Peace of God. •Aimon of Fleury completes his "History of the Franks."				• Heresy charges are made in Germany for the first time. • Benedict VIII becomes Pope.		• 24 May: Boleslav of Poland pays homage to Henry II of Germany after years of war.		• 4 February: Henry II becomes Holy Roman Emperor.		• Dudon of St. Quentin, writes a chronicle of Normandy. •Saracens seize Sardinia. • Vladimir I of Russia dies. His sons contest the throne.		• Pisa and Genoa drive Mujahid of Denia from Sardinia. • Battle of Nesjar (naval); Norway wins independence from Denmark.				• 30 Jan: Treaty of Bautzen; peace between Henry II and Boleslav. • Benedict VIII bans clerical marriage. • Boleslav of Poland takes Kiev from Jaroslav, but loses it to Sviatopolk I.		• Basil II conquers Bulgaria. • Jaroslav defeats his brother Sviatopolk to become Great Prince of Kiev.		• Henry II wins Ghent from Baldwin of Flanders. He faces uprising in Saxony. • Chartres cathedral is rebuilt.		• Basil II wins back control of Georgia.		• Henry II moves his army to meet Byzantine forces in Italy.				• 13 July: Henry II dies, childless; the last Saxon emperor. • 4 Sept: Conrad (II) of Franconia is elected King of the Germans.		• Battle of the Holy River: Cnut is defeated by Swedish, Norwegian and Danish forces. • 17 June: Boleslav, of Poland, dies; his kingdom collapses.										• 29 July: Battle of Stiklestad. King Olaf is killed in trying to take back Norway from Danish rule.		• 20 July: Robert II (the Pious), King of France dies and is succeeded by his son, Henry I.		• Venice: with the end of the Orseolo dynasty the popular assembly regains its ability to elect the Doge.						• 2 July: Robert I, Duke of Normandy dies and is succeeded by his illegitimate son, William.		• 12 June: Cnut's daughter marries Conrad's son. Denmark hands Kiel to the German King. • Russian law is revised by Jaroslav.						• 4 June: Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, dies; succeeded by his son, Henry III. • Sicily: Norman soldiers are retained to fight in a civil war.				• 4 May: battle of Monte Maggiore. Lombards and Normans defeat Greek armies.		• Normandy: A Truce of God is declared.		• Aug:Henry III pardons all of his enemies on a "Day of Indulgence."				• Novgorod Cathedral is destroyed and is rebuilt in stone.		• Dec: Henry III has Benedict IX and Gregory VI deposed and Clement II elected pope. Clement crowns Henry as Emperor.				• William of Normandy and King Henry of France join forces against Geoffrey Martel of Anjou.		• Dedication of the abbey-church of St. Remi, Reims. • France: water is used to power fulling mills.
	Rest of World																				Rest of World																				Rest of World																				Rest of World																				Rest of World																				< back
							• Leif Ericsson discovers Vineland, modern day Nova Scotia.												• 27 Sept: Caliph al-Hakim orders the destruction of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.		• Murasaki Shikibu writes the Tale of Genji, a novel.				•First known use of rice in China.								• Rajaraja the Great dies, King of the Cholas,and ruler in southern India and Ceylon.		• Japan: The Buddhist monk Genshin completes the "Essentials of Salvation."														• China: the world's first paper currency is adopted in Szechwan.										• Al-Musabbihi completes his history of Egypt.		• China: Movable wooden printing blocks are used.																				• Ahmad al-Nasawi, writes a mathematical treatise with Hindu (‘Arabic’) numerals.						• Gunpowder is manufactured in China at this time.										• Al-Biruni completes (approx.) the Description of India and the Chronology of Ancient Nations.
	1000		1001		1002		1003		1004		1005		1006		1007		1008		1009		1010		1011		1012		1013		1014		1015		1016		1017		1018		1019		1020		1021		1022		1023		1024		1025		1026		1027		1028		1029		1030		1031		1032		1033		1034		1035		1036		1037		1038		1039		1040		1041		1042		1043		1044		1045		1046		1047		1048		1049